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Otto, prof. dr. Sijbren

Sijbren Otto
Sijbren Otto
(Foto: Sylvia Germes)

Sijbren Otto is hoogleraar Systeemchemie. Hij bestudeert ‘chemische evolutie’. Zijn onderzoeksgroep ontwikkelde een modelsysteem met moleculen die kopieën van zichzelf kunnen maken en toonde aan dat er ook diversiteit kan ontstaan door mutatie van de replicatoren.

De chemie heeft zich tot nu toe vooral gericht op het laten ontstaan van stabiele systemen. Biologische systemen bestaan echter bij de gratie van vorming en verval, van synthese en degradatie, van een opeenvolging van leven en dood. Sijbren Otto wil onderzoeken of deze biologische principes ook toepasbaar zijn in de synthetische chemie. Zelf-assemblerende en zelf-replicerende macromoleculen spelen daarbij een belangrijke rol. Kunstmatige chemische systemen van dergelijke moleculen zouden ook een Darwiniaanse evolutie kunnen ondergaan. Een eerste stap in de richting van synthetisch leven, hoopt Otto.

Otto kreeg in 2017 een prestigieuze ERC-subsidie van 2,5 miljoen om de mogelijkheden om nieuw leven te maken in het laboratorium verder te onderzoeken. Hij wil verdere stappen zetten om de kloof tussen scheikunde en biologie te overbruggen door volledig synthetische systemen te bouwen. Deze dragen essentiële karakteristieken van het leven in zich: replicatie, metabolisme en compartimentering. Het koppelen van deze karakteristieken in een volledige synthetisch systeem is tot nog toe niet gelukt. In 2020 is Otto benoemd tot lid van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.

In 2021 ontving Otto de James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry van de American Chemical Society, voor zijn leidende bijdrage aan de totstandkoming van het vakgebied van de systeemchemie. Ben Feringa (in 2007) was tot nu toe de enige Nederlander die deze prijs heeft ontvangen.

In oktober 2023 maakte de European Research Council bekend een ERC Synergy Grant toe te kennen aan Otto van 3,4 miljoen euro voor zijn project ‘MINILIFE’.

Bekijk hier een overzicht van het werk van Sijbren Otto over het bouwen van kunstmatig leven. Of bekijk een visueel verhaal van Sijbren Otto's werk.

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Volkskrantartikel
Volkskrantartikel

2024

Markovitch, O., Wu, J., & Otto, S. (2024). Binding of Precursors to Replicator Assemblies Can Improve Replication Fidelity and Mediate Error Correction. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 63(14), Article e202317997. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202317997
Brasnett, C., Kiani, A., Sami, S., Otto, S., & Marrink, S. J. (2024). Capturing chemical reactions inside biomolecular condensates with reactive Martini simulations. Communications chemistry, 7(1), Article 151. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-024-01234-y
Cvrtila, I., & Otto, S. (2024). Emergent Behavior of a Photoswitchable Solute in a Biphasic Solvent System. Chemistry – A European Journal, Article e202403157. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202403157
Komáromy, D., Monzón, D. M., Marić, I., Monreal Santiago, G., Ottelé, J., Altay, M., Schaeffer, G., & Otto, S. (2024). Generalist versus Specialist Self-Replicators. Chemistry – A European Journal, 30(20), Article e202303837. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202303837
Liu, K., Blokhuis, A. W. P., Dijt, S. J., Wu, J., Hamed, S., Kiani, A., Matysiak, B. M., & Otto, S. (2024). Molecular-scale dissipative chemistry drives the formation of nanoscale assemblies and their macroscale transport. Nature Chemistry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-024-01665-z

2023

Ashkenasy, G., Kauffman, S., Lancet, D., Otto, S., Ruiz-Mirazo, K., Semenov, S., & Xavier, J. (2023). Collectively autocatalytic sets. Cell Reports Physical Science, 4(10), Article 101594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101594
Yang, S., Geiger, Y., Geerts, M., Eleveld, M. J., Kiani, A., & Otto, S. (2023). Enantioselective Self-Replicators. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 145(30), 16889-16898. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c05472
Liu, K., Blokhuis, A., van Ewijk, C., Kiani, A., Wu, J., Roos, W. H., & Otto, S. (2023). Light-driven eco-evolutionary dynamics in a synthetic replicator system. Nature Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-023-01301-2
Jin, Y., Mandal, P. K., Wu, J., Böcher, N., Huc, I., & Otto, S. (2023). (Re-)Directing Oligomerization of a Single Building Block into Two Specific Dynamic Covalent Foldamers through pH. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 145(5), 2822-2829. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c09325
Marić, I., Yang, L., Li, X., Monreal Santiago, G., Pappas, C. G., Qiu, X., Dijksman, J. A., Mikhailov, K., van Rijn, P., & Otto, S. (2023). Tailorable and Biocompatible Supramolecular-Based Hydrogels Featuring two Dynamic Covalent Chemistries. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 62(14), Article e202216475. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202216475

2022

Otto, S. (2022). An Approach to the De Novo Synthesis of Life. Accounts of Chemical Research, 55(2), 145-155. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00534
Hatai, J., Altay, Y., Sood, A., Kiani, A., Eleveld, M. J., Motiei, L., Margulies, D., & Otto, S. (2022). An Optical Probe for Real-Time Monitoring of Self-Replicator Emergence and Distinguishing between Replicators. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 144(7), 3074-3082. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c11594
Liu, K., Ottelé, J., & Otto, S. (2022). Emergent Catalysis by Self-Replicating Molecules. In P. W. N. M. van Leeuwen, & M. Raynal (Eds.), Supramolecular Catalysis: New Directions and Developments (pp. 605-614). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527832033.ch41
Liu, B., Wu, J., Geerts, M., Markovitch, O., Pappas, C. G., Liu, K., & Otto, S. (2022). Out-of-equilibrium self-replication allows selection for dynamic kinetic stability in a system of competing replicators. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 61(18), Article e202117605. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202117605
Camprubi, E., Markovitch, O., Muchowska, K. B., Otto, S., & ten Kate, I. L. (2022). Prebiotic chemistry: From dust to molecules and beyond. In New Frontiers in Astrobiology (pp. 19-47). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824162-2.00005-1
Bartolec, B., Kiani, A., Beatty, M. A., Altay, M., Monreal Santiago, G., & Otto, S. (2022). Selection of diverse polymorphic structures from a small dynamic molecular network controlled by the environment. Chemical Science, 13(48), 14300-14304. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2sc03909e
Schaeffer, G., Eleveld, M. J., Ottelé, J., Kroon, P. C., Frederix, P. W. J. M., Yang, S., & Otto, S. (2022). Stochastic Emergence of Two Distinct Self-Replicators from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 144(14), 6291-6297. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c12591
Maric, I., Otto, S., & Pappas, C. (2022). Tailor-made functionalized self-assembled peptide (nano)fibers and hydrogels, and methods, uses and kits related thereto. (Patent No. WO2022211624).
Matysiak, B. M., Monreal Santiago, G., & Otto, S. (2022). Teaching an Old Compound New Tricks: Reversible Transamidation in Maleamic Acids. Chemistry - A European Journal, 28(40), Article e202201043. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202201043

2021

Yang, S., Schaeffer, G., Mattia, E., Markovitch, O., Liu, K., Hussain, A. S., Ottelé, J., Sood, A., & Otto, S. (2021). Chemical Fueling Enables Molecular Complexification of Self-Replicators. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 60(20), 11344-11349. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202016196
Liu, K., & Otto, S. (2021). Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry Out of Equilibrium. In N. Giuseppone, & A. Walther (Eds.), Out-of-Equilibrium (Supra)molecular Systems and Materials (pp. 215-239). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527821990.ch8
Liu, B., Beatty, M. A., Pappas, C. G., Liu, K., Ottelé, J., & Otto, S. (2021). Self-Sorting in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries Leads to the Co-Existence of Foldamers and Self-Replicators. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 60(24), 13569-13573. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202101052
Komáromy, D., Tiemersma-Wegman, T., Kemmink, J., Portale, G., Adamski, P. R., Blokhuis, A., Aalbers, F. S., Marić, I., Santiago, G. M., Ottelé, J., Sood, A., Saggiomo, V., Liu, B., van der Meulen, P., & Otto, S. (2021). Stoichiometry alone can steer supramolecular systems on complex free energy surfaces with high selectivity. Chem, 7(7), 1933-1951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2021.05.020
Pappas, C. G., Liu, B., Marić, I., Ottelé, J., Kiani, A., van der Klok, M. L., Onck, P. R., & Otto, S. (2021). Two Sides of the Same Coin: Emergence of Foldamers and Self-Replicators from Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 143(19), 7388–7393. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c00788

2020

Markovitch, O., Ottele, J., Veldman, O., & Otto, S. (2020). Automated device for continuous stirring while sampling in liquid chromatography systems. Communications chemistry, 3(1), Article 180. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-020-00427-5
Maity, S., Ottelé, J., Santiago, G. M., Frederix, P. W. J. M., Kroon, P., Markovitch, O., Stuart, M. C. A., Marrink, S. J., Otto, S., & Roos, W. H. (2020). Caught in the Act: Mechanistic Insight into Supramolecular Polymerization-Driven Self-Replication from Real-Time Visualization. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 142(32), 13709-13717. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c02635
Ottelé, J., Hussain, A. S., Mayer, C., & Otto, S. (2020). Chance emergence of catalytic activity and promiscuity in a self-replicator. Nature Catalysis, 3(7), 547-553. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-020-0463-8
Markovitch, O., Kramer, B. H., Weissing, F. J., van Doorn, G. S., & Otto, S. (2020). Competition dynamics in a chemical system of self-replicating macrocycles. In J. Bongard, J. Lovato, L. Hebert-Dufrésne, R. Dasari, & L. Soros (Eds.), Artificial Life Conference Proceedings (Vol. 32, pp. 462-464). MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00289
Monreal Santiago, G., Liu, K., Browne, W. R., & Otto, S. (2020). Emergence of light-driven protometabolism on recruitment of a photocatalytic cofactor by a self-replicator. Nature Chemistry, 12(7), 603-607. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-020-0494-4
Pappas, C. G., Mandal, P. K., Liu, B., Kauffmann, B., Miao, X., Komáromy, D., Hoffmann, W., Manz, C., Chang, R., Liu, K., Pagel, K., Huc, I., & Otto, S. (2020). Emergence of low-symmetry foldamers from single monomers. Nature Chemistry, 12(12), 1180-1186. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-020-00565-2
Adamski, P., Eleveld, M., Sood, A., Kun, Á., Szilágyi, A., Czárán, T., Szathmáry, E., & Otto, S. (2020). From self-replication to replicator systems en route to de novo life. Nature reviews chemistry, 4(8), 386-403. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-020-0196-x
Liu, B., Pappas, C. G., Ottelé, J., Schaeffer, G., Jurissek, C., Pieters, P. F., Altay, M., Marić, I., Stuart, M. C. A., & Otto, S. (2020). Spontaneous Emergence of Self-Replicating Molecules Containing Nucleobases and Amino Acids. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 142(9), 4184-4192. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b10796

2019

Liu, B., Pappas, C. G., Zangrando, E., Demitri, N., Chmielewski, P. J., & Otto, S. (2019). Complex Molecules That Fold Like Proteins Can Emerge Spontaneously. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141(4), 1685-1689. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b11698
Malakoutikhah, M., Schaeffer, G., Monreal Santiago, G., Yang, S., Maric, I., & Otto, S. (2019). Cross-Catalysis between Self-Replicators of Different Handedness. Journal of Systems Chemistry, 7(1).
Bartolec, B., Leonetti, G., Li, J., Smit, W., Altay, M., Monreal Santiago, G., Yan, Y., & Otto, S. (2019). Emergence of Compartments Formed from Unconventional Surfactants in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. Langmuir, 35(17), 5787-5792. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03662

2018

Altay, Y., Altay, M., & Otto, S. (2018). Existing Self-Replicators Can Direct the Emergence of New Ones. Chemistry, 24(46), 11911-11915. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201803027
Altay, M., Altay, Y., & Otto, S. (2018). Parasitic Behavior of Self-Replicating Molecules. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 57(33), 10564-10568. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201804706
Bartolec, B., Altay, M., & Otto, S. (2018). Template-promoted self-replication in dynamic combinatorial libraries made from a simple building block. Chemical Communications, 54(93), 13096-13098. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cc06253f

2017

Matysiak, B. M., Nowak, P., Cvrtila, I., Pappas, C. G., Liu, B., Komáromy, D., & Otto, S. (2017). Antiparallel Dynamic Covalent Chemistries. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139(19), 6744-6751. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b02575
van Esch, J. H., Klajn, R., & Otto, S. (2017). Chemical systems out of equilibrium. Chemical Society Reviews, 46(18), 5474-5475. Article C7CS90088K. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs90088k
Komáromy, D., Tezcan, M., Schaeffer, G., Marić, I., & Otto, S. (2017). Effector-Triggered Self-Replication in Coupled Subsystems. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 56(46), 14658-14662. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201707191
Altay, Y., Tezcan, M., & Otto, S. (2017). Emergence of a New Self-Replicator from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library Requires a Specific Pre-Existing Replicator. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139(39), 13612-13615. Article jacs.7b07346. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b07346
Mattia, E., Pal, A., Leonetti, G., & Otto, S. (2017). Mechanism of Building Block Exchange in Stacks of Self-Replicating Macrocycles. Synlett, 28(1), 103-107. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1589709
Otto, S. (2017). Reaction: Thinking-Species Chemistry and the World's Problems. Chem, 2(2), 158-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.018
Cvrtila, I., Fanlo-Virgós, H., Schaeffer, G., Monreal Santiago, G., & Otto, S. (2017). Redox Control over Acyl Hydrazone Photoswitches. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139(36), 12459-12465. Article jacs.7b03724. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b03724
Komáromy, D., Stuart, M. C. A., Monreal Santiago, G., Tezcan, M., Krasnikov, V. V., & Otto, S. (2017). Self-Assembly Can Direct Dynamic Covalent Bond Formation Towards Diversity or Specificity. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139(17), 6234-6241. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b01814
Frederix, P. W. J. M., Idé, J., Altay, Y., Schaeffer, G., Surin, M., Beljonne, D., Bondarenko, A. S., Jansen, T. L. C., Otto, S., & Marrink, S. J. (2017). Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Assemblies of Self-Replicating Peptide Macrocycles. Acs Nano, 11(8), 7858-7868. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02211
Ashkenasy, G., Hermans, T. M., Otto, S., & Taylor, A. F. (2017). Systems chemistry. Chemical Society Reviews, 46(9), 2543-2554. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00117g
Duim, H., & Otto, S. (2017). Towards open-ended evolution in self-replicating molecular systems. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 13, 1189-1203. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.118

2016

Sadownik, J. W., Mattia, E., Nowak, P., & Otto, S. (2016). Diversification of self-replicating molecules. Nature Chemistry, 8(3), 264-269. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2419
Mondal, M., Radeva, N., Fanlo-Virgos, H., Otto, S., Klebe, G., & Hirsch, A. K. H. (2016). Fragment Linking and Optimization of Inhibitors of the Aspartic Protease Endothiapepsin: Fragment-Based Drug Design Facilitated by Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 55(32), 9422-9426. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201603074
Nguyen, V. D., Pal, A., Snijkers, F., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Leonetti, G., Otto, S., & van der Gucht, J. (2016). Multi-step control over self-assembled hydrogels of peptide-derived building blocks and a polymeric cross-linker. Soft Matter, 12(2), 432-440. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5sm02088c

2015

Li, J., Nowak, P., & Otto, S. (2015). An Allosteric Receptor by Simultaneous "Casting" and "Molding" in a Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 54(3), 833-837. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201408907
Pal, A., Malakoutikhah, M., Leonetti, G., Tezcan, M., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Nguyen, V. D., van der Gucht, J., & Otto, S. (2015). Controlling the Structure and Length of Self-Synthesizing Supramolecular Polymers through Nucleated Growth and Disassembly. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 54(27), 7852-7856. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201501965
Colomb-Delsuc, M., Mattia, E., Sadownik, J. W., & Otto, S. (2015). Exponential self-replication enabled through a fibre elongation/breakage mechanism. Nature Communications, 6, Article 7427. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8427
Han, Y., Nowak, P., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Leal, M. P., & Otto, S. (2015). Instructable Nanoparticles Using Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. Langmuir, 31(46), 12658-12663. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03673
Nowak, P., Saggiomo, V., Salehian, F., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Han, Y., & Otto, S. (2015). Localized Template-Driven Functionalization of Nanoparticles by Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 54(14), 4192-4197. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201409667
Leonetti, G., & Otto, S. (2015). Solvent Composition Dictates Emergence in Dynamic Molecular Networks Containing Competing Replicators. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137(5), 2067-2072. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja512644f
Mattia, E., & Otto, S. (2015). Supramolecular systems chemistry. Nature Nanotechnology, 10(2), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.337
Nowak, P., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Otto, S., & Li, J. (2015). Template-Triggered Emergence of a Self-Replicator from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137(34), 10965-10969. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b04380

2014

Li, J., Cvrtila, I., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Otten, E., & Otto, S. (2014). An "Ingredients" Approach to Functional Self-Synthesizing Materials: A Metal-Ion-Selective, Multi-Responsive, Self-Assembled Hydrogel. Chemistry, 20(48), 15709-15714. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201404977
Li, J., Nowak, P., & Otto, S. (2014). Catenanes from catenanes: quantitative assessment of cooperativity in dynamic combinatorial catenation. Chemical Science, 5(12), 4968-4974. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4sc01998a
Grzybowski, B., Otto, S., & Philp, D. (2014). Systems chemistry: A web themed issue. Chemical Communications, 50(95), 14924-14925. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cc90422b
Fanlo-Virgos, H., Alba, A.-N. R., Hamieh, S., Colomb-Delsuc, M., & Otto, S. (2014). Transient Substrate-Induced Catalyst Formation in a Dynamic Molecular Network. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 53(42), 11346-11350. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201403480

2013

Hamieh, S., Saggiomo, V., Nowak, P., Mattia, E., Ludlow, R. F., & Otto, S. (2013). A "Dial-A-Receptor" Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 52(47), 12368-12372. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201305744
Li, J., Nowak, P., & Otto, S. (2013). Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries: From Exploring Molecular Recognition to Systems Chemistry. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135(25), 9222-9239. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja402586c
Rombouts, W. H., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Werten, M. W. T., Otto, S., de Wolf, F. A., & van der Gucht, J. (2013). Enhanced rigidity and rupture strength of composite hydrogel networks of bio-inspired block copolymers. Soft Matter, 9(29), 6936-6942. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sm00091e
Saggiomo, V., Hristova, Y. R., Ludlow, R. F., & Otto, S. (2013). Systems chemistry: using thermodynamically controlled networks to assess molecular similarity. Journal of Systems Chemistry, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1186/1759-2208-4-2
Otto, S. (2013). The role of solvent cohesion in nonpolar solvation. Chemical Science, 4(7), 2953-2959. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sc50740h
Malakoutikhah, M., Peyralans, J. J.-P., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Fanlo-Virgós, H., Stuart, M. C. A., & Otto, S. (2013). Uncovering the selection criteria for the emergence of multi-building-block replicators from dynamic combinatorial libraries. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135(49), 18406-18417. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja4067805

2012

Hamieh, S., Ludlow, R. F., Perraud, O., West, K. R., Mattia, E., & Otto, S. (2012). A Synthetic Receptor for Nicotine from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Organic letters, 14(21), 5404-5407. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol302260n
Otto, S. (2012). Dynamic Molecular Networks: From Synthetic Receptors to Self-Replicators. Accounts of Chemical Research, 45(12), 2200-2210. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar200246j
Wang, J., Stuart, M. A. C., Marcelis, A. T. M., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Otto, S., & van der Gucht, J. (2012). Stable Polymer Micelles Formed by Metal Coordination. Macromolecules, 45(17), 7179-7185. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma301323z
Saggiomo, V., Otto, S., Marques, I., Felix, V., Torroba, T., & Quesada, R. (2012). The role of lipophilicity in transmembrane anion transport. Chemical Communications, 48(43), 5274-5276. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cc31825c

2011

Rodriguez-Docampo, Z., Eugenieva-Ilieva, E., Reyheller, C., Belenguer, A. M., Kubik, S., & Otto, S. (2011). Dynamic combinatorial development of a neutral synthetic receptor that binds sulfate with nanomolar affinity in aqueous solution. Chemical Communications, 47(35), 9798-9800. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc13451e
Hunt, R. A. R., Otto, S., & Hunt, R. A. R. (2011). Dynamic combinatorial libraries: new opportunities in systems chemistry. Chemical Communications, 47(3), 847-858. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cc03759a
Li, J., Carnall, J. M. A., Stuart, M. C. A., & Otto, S. (2011). Hydrogel Formation upon Photoinduced Covalent Capture of Macrocycle Stacks from Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 50(36), 8384-8386. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201103297

2010

Besenius, P., Cormack, P. A. G., Ludlow, R. F., Otto, S., & Sherrington, D. C. (2010). Affinity chromatography in dynamic combinatorial libraries: one-pot amplification and isolation of a strongly binding receptor. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 8(10), 2414-2418. https://doi.org/10.1039/c000333f
Reek, J. N. H., & Otto, S. (2010). Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527629701
Mansfeld, F. M., Au-Yeung, H. Y., Sanders, J. K. M., & Otto, S. (2010). Dynamic combinatorial chemistry at the phospholipid bilayer interface. Journal of Systems Chemistry, 1(12). https://doi.org/10.1186/1759-2208-1-12
Au-Yeung, H. Y., Cougnon, F. B. L., Otto, S., Pantos, G. D., Sanders, J. K. M., & Pantoş, G. D. (2010). Exploiting donor-acceptor interactions in aqueous dynamic combinatorial libraries: exploratory studies of simple systems. Chemical Science, 1(5), 567-574. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0sc00307g
Carnall, J. M. A., Waudby, C. A., Belenguer, A. M., Stuart, M. C. A., Peyralans, J. J. .-P., & Otto, S. (2010). Mechanosensitive Self-Replication Driven by Self-Organization. Science, 327(5972), 1502-1506. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182767
Otto, S. (2010). MOLECULAR MACHINES Tiny steps: Tiny steps. Nature Chemistry, 2(2), 75-76. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.525
Ludlow, R. F., & Otto, S. (2010). The Impact of the Size of Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries on the Detectability of Molecular Recognition Induced Amplification. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132(17), 5984-+. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1013689
Otto, S. (2010). The Practice of Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries: Analytical Chemistry, Experimental Design, and Data Analysis. In S. Otto, & J. N. H. Reek (Eds.), Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry (pp. 23-47).
Otto, S., & Reek, J. N. H. (2010). Trends and Perspectives. In S. Otto, & J. N. H. Reek (Eds.), Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry (pp. 185-194).
Kiedrowski, G. V., Otto, S., & Herdewijn, P. (2010). Welcome Home, Systems Chemists! Journal of Systems Chemistry, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1759-2208-1-1

2009

Likhitsup, A., Deeth, R. J., Otto, S., & Marsh, A. (2009). Apparent non-statistical binding in a ditopic receptor for guanosine. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 7(10), 2093-2103. https://doi.org/10.1039/b812969j
Hunt, R. A. R., Ludlow, R. F., & Otto, S. (2009). Estimating equilibrium constants for aggregation from the product distribution of a dynamic combinatorial library. Organic letters, 11(22), 5110-5113. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol901656x
Otto, S. (2009). MOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY Helping themselves. Nature Nanotechnology, 4(1), 13-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.387
Mansfeld, F. M., Feng, G., & Otto, S. (2009). Photo-induced molecular-recognition-mediated adhesion of giant vesicles. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 7(20), 4289-4295. https://doi.org/10.1039/b910197g
Peyralans, J. J. P., & Otto, S. (2009). Recent highlights in systems chemistry. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 13(5-6), 705-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.08.006
Au-Yeung, H. Y., Pengo, P., Pantoş, G. D., Otto, S., & Sanders, J. K. M. (2009). Templated amplification of a naphthalenediimide-based receptor from a donor–acceptor dynamic combinatorial library in water. Chemical Communications, 419-421. https://doi.org/10.1039/b816979a

2008

West, K. R., Ludlow, R. F., Corbett, P. T., Besenius, P., Mansfeld, F. M., Cormack, P. A. G., Sherrington, D. C., Goodman, J. M., Stuart, M. C. A., & Otto, S. (2008). Dynamic combinatorial discovery of a [2]-catenane and its guest-induced conversion into a molecular square host. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(33), 10834-+. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja801508q
Corbett, P. T., Sanders, J. K. M., & Otto, S. (2008). Exploring the Relation between Amplification and Binding in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries of Macrocyclic Synthetic Receptors in Water. Chemistry, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200701413
Rodriguez-Docampo, Z., & Otto, S. (2008). Orthogonal or simultaneous use of disulfide and hydrazone exchange in dynamic covalent chemistry in aqueous solution. Chemical Communications, 41(42), 5301-5303. https://doi.org/10.1039/b808725c
Besenius, P., Cormack, P. A. G., Ludlow, R. F., Otto, S., & Sherrington, D. C. (2008). Polymer-supported cationic templates for molecular recognition of anionic hosts in water. Chemical Communications, 2(24). https://doi.org/10.1039/b802982b
Ludlow, R. F., & Otto, S. (2008). Systems chemistry. Chemical Society Reviews, 37(1), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1039/b611921m
Besenius, P., Cormack, P. A. G., Liu, J., Otto, S., Sanders, J. K. M., & Sherrington, D. C. (2008). Tailored Polymer-Supported Templates in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries: Simultaneous Selection, Amplification and Isolation of Synthetic Receptors. Chemistry, 14(29). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200800326
Ludlow, R. F., & Otto, S. (2008). Two-vial, LC-MS identification of ephedrine receptors from a solution-phase dynamic combinatorial library of over 9000 components. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(37), 12218-+. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja803317k
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